Surviving Windmills

Fabyan Windmill

(Old Holland Mill, Old Dutch Mill)

Fabyan Forest Preserve East

1600 Crissey Avenue (IL-25)

Geneva, IL 60134

Status

Fully restored and operational.

Tours

Tours are available during open hours. No admission fee is

required, but donations are accepted.

Hours

May 15—October 15

                                  Saturday: 1:00 to 4:00 P.M.
                                  Sunday: 1:00 to 4:00 P.M.
                 Closed / non-operational during winter.

Kane County Forest Preserve grounds are open from sunrise

to sunset year-round.

Website

Fabyan Forest Preserve

Tower Height

68’

Sail Span

74’—4”

Uses

(1877—1919) Wheat

(1877—1919) Corn

(1916—1919) Feed

Constructed

(1875—1877)

Millwrights

                 Louis Frederick Backhaus (original)
                 Rasmussen (reconstruction)
                 John Johnson (reconstruction)
                 Lucas Verbij (restoration)

Owners

Friedrich Brockmann (1875—1887)

                 Louis Frederick Backhaus (1875—1877)
                 Herman Volberduig (1877—1885)
                 Fred Runge (1887—1914)
                 Colonel George Fabyan (1914—1939)
                 Kane County Forest Preserve (1939—present)

Honors

1979: National Register of Historic Places

1980: Featured on a 15-cent stamp in “Windmills USA”

History

The Fabyan windmill now sits proudly upon a hill on the Eastern bank of the Fox River in peaceful Geneva, Illinois. Completely refurbished and operational, the windmill is a majestic sight that complements its surroundings in what was once the estate of Colonel George Fabyan (now part of the Kane County Forest Preserve District). What is not well known by the public, however, is the true story of the mill’s history.

The Kane County Forest Preserve published pamphlets in 2005 citing that the mill was built sometime between 1850 and 1860 by Louis Backhaus on a farm along York Road; in 1914, the widow of Louis Reinke sold the mill to Colonel Fabyan for $8,000, and Fabyan then moved the mill to its current site in Geneva. Unfortunately for the forest preserve, the names, dates, and locations simply do not match well. One of the most convincing pieces of evidence for this is the fact that the windmill, if it was built before 1860, does not appear in the 1874 Atlas of DuPage County in spite of the fact that the Fischer and Heidemann windmills and the Graue grist mill are clearly indicated.

Land records reveal the true story of the mill; it was originally constructed in section 21 of York Township soon after partners Louis Frederick Backhaus and Friedrich Brockmann purchased the ten-acre farm in 1875. The plot was located on the northwest corner of 16th and Meyers Road (now part of Knolls Park in Lombard) and cost just $900. Herman Volberduig became Brockmann’s new business partner upon Louis Backhaus’s death in 1877, probably just a few months into the mill’s operation. Apparently, business for the mill was relatively good, as the land value continued to rise over time—probably because the windmill was located near the Chicago, Aurora, and Elgin line (now the Illinois Prairie Path), which carried passengers and freight to and from the Loop. Still, a few years after Volberduig left the partnership, Brockmann sold the farm and the mill to Frederick Runge in 1887 for $4,000. The windmill continued operation under Runge, as indicated in a 1912 photograph that shows the mill intact and with its sails in a ‘+’ configuration (meaning a “short rest”). A year later, however, a storm damaged the sails, prompting Runge to find a buyer.

On October 15, 1914, Colonel George Fabyan (the title of Colonel being honorary) purchased the mill for $8,000 from the widow of Frederick Runge. His motivation for the purchase is unknown; some evidence suggests it was a present for his wife, while most agree that Fabyan was the kind of man who wanted things most people did not have. Fabyan had the intention of relocating the mill onto his own estate; however, the size of the mill prevented him from easily doing so. Thus, Fabyan would spend his next 19 months and $75,000 disassembling the mill piece by piece. One year after purchasing the mill, Runge’s farmland was sold to Louis Reinke for just $3700 (it can be assumed, then, that most of the mill was still probably standing on the land). The mill parts were shipped to Geneva through the employment of the Egar E. Belding Company of West Chicago. The windmill was reassembled it on its present site at Riverbank by Danish millwright Rasmussen (who worked mostly on the interior) with the assistance of John Johnson (who built a new set of sails) and six others.

The windmill’s structure was made from a Dutch kit that included hand-cut cypress beams with hickory and maple gearing. Interestingly enough, although the mill was constructed in the 1870s, the only “modern” amenity is the set of grain elevators. In York Township, the mill rested upon a foundation of stone and also had a small wing building, although it is unclear what the building was used for (although its small size and even smaller chimney would rule out the presence of an auxiliary steam engine).

Fabyan made alterations to his mill after it was moved. A new foundation for the mill was poured at Riverbank creating a basement level, making the rebuilt mill six floors high (the tallest in Illinois). Windows were added to the fourth floor (reasoning unknown). Even though the original mill was made almost entirely of wood, he had an iron drive shaft installed (separate from that of the wooden upright shaft) to run the machinery in the basement level (which included a sharpening wheel, a corn sheller, and a grain separator). He also installed an oven in the basement, although evidence suggests it was rarely, if ever, used. Because of the mill’s structure, an exhaust system was built underground, then came up through a chimney disguised as a stone bus shelter (destroyed in the 1950s by a truck).

Some of the other parts of the mill that ought to be wooden—such as the quants—are now iron, but it is not clear whether these alterations were made by Fabyan or by previous owners. The mill stones are designed for wheat, corn, and feed grinding. In addition to being an asset to local farmers, the mill’s products were also used to feed the Colonel’s livestock and two bears, Tom and Jerry. The mill stopped grinding in 1919.

Colonel George Fabyan and his wife, Nelle, first settled on just ten acres south of Geneva. The Villa was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1907 (the Villa now serves as a museum full of photographs and memorabilia). In 1914, landscape architect Taro Otsuka designed Fabyan’s Japanese Garden. The garden was restored in 1971 and again in 1994, and is open to the public. Eventually, Fabyan’s estate grew to cover 600 acres and was the home to award-winning livestock and other animals. The Colonel died May 17, 1936; his wife died two years later, and the executors of her will sold Riverbank to the Kane County Forest Preserve for $70,500. The unique preserve instantly became a local landmark.

The windmill, although rarely used after the forest preserve’s acquisition, was a tourist attraction. Soon Fabyan Forest Preserve became the most visited of the county’s forests, and the windmill the most photographed structure in the region. The forest preserve left the mill open to the public, complete with tours of its interior. Amazingly (aside from the natural dry rot of the wood over time), the mill’s structure suffered little over time. Even the sails remained intact (probably because the cap was turned to face south, so the prevailing west winds would have passed through the sails rather than try to turn them).

Kane County considered the windmill’s demolition as early as 1990 when it became structurally unsafe for public inspection. Jack Cook and Jon Duerr, among others, began fighting to keep the mill intact. In 1997, the Kane County Forest Preserve District hired Lucas Verbij, a world-renowned third-generation Dutch millwright, to inspect the Fabyan windmill and compose a condition report. Verbij was discovered by the Preservation Partners of Fox Valley, a non-profit organization dedicated to Riverbank’s care. The initial cost estimate was over $600,000. Although the price was steep for the Forest Preserve, many locals, the Preservation Partners, and Lucas Verbij insisted that the unique mill be preserved. Through fund-raising, private investments, and a grant, the Kane County Forest Preserve voted to preserve the mill.

The sails were removed, and the cap was lifted off the tower to be shipped to Verbij’s company in Holland. Meanwhile, in Illinois, construction crews worked to strengthen the concrete foundation and reinforce the tower. The cracks in the huge wooden support beams were filled with a wood and fiberglass mixture. Other parts of the mill, such as the hoppers, grain elevators, and chutes, were completely rebuilt. In April of 2004, the rebuilt cap returned and was lifted onto the tower. On October 16, 2004 (90 years and one day after Colonel Fabyan bought the mill), the restoration was complete, save some minor details and the grinding stones. The windmill remains mostly as it did during Fabyan’s ownership, except for some modern amenities (fire alarms, track lighting, flood lights) and a metal windshaft.

The forest preserve held a grand opening celebration on June 3, 2005, exactly 26 years after it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Local artists displayed their work and memorabilia of the mill and a ceremony was held to commemorate those involved in its restoration on a job well done. The mill itself was dressed in red, white, and blue as the volunteer millers managed to get the sails turning despite light winds. The final cost of restoration was $916,000.

Sources

-Accounts of the Fabyan Mill’s Origin. Ron Behnke, 2005.

-Fabyan Windmill. Kane County Forest Preserve District, 2005.

-Geneva, Illinois: A History of its Times and Places. Geneva: Geneva Public Library District, 1977.

-“Windward ho!” Addison Press. 26 June 1998.

-www.chicago-l.org

-photographs

-personal records / observations

Literature

Fabyan Windmill. Kane County Forest Preserve District, 2005.

Envelope featuring the mill in its restored state on Riverbank, but depicted on a prairie

Images

Photo in York Township (1900s) courtesy James Waughon

Photo in York Township (1911) courtesy Jeanne Ringland

Postcard in York Township (1900s) from DigitalPast.

Postcard in York Township (1900s) from DigitalPast

Postcard in York Township (1900s) courtesy Paul van den Berg

Photo in York Township (1900s) courtesy Paul van den Berg

Photo of Mrs. Fred Runge, just before selling to Fabyan (1912) from Kane Co. Forest Preserve

Photo on Fabyan’s estate (1916) courtesy Paul van den Berg

Postcard on Fabyan’s estate (1910s) from DigitalPast

                 Stamp featuring the Fabyan mill (1980).
                 Photo looking northeast (2005) by Tom Haskell.
                 Photo looking northeast (2005) by Tom Haskell.

                 Photo looking northeast (2005) by Tom Haskell.
                 Photo of cast-iron shafts and gears to turn the basement machinery (2005) by Tom Haskell.
                 Photo of a storage hopper with flour spouts (2005) by Tom Haskell.
                 Photo of millwright Lucas Verbij accepting a plaque of honor for his work (2005) by Tom Haskell.

Photo of the grand opening sign (2005) by Tom Haskell.

Photo looking east after the cap has been turned (2005) by Tom Haskell.

Photo showing the winch and chain for winding the cap (2006) by Tom Haskell.

Photo of the great spur wheel and one of the stone nuts (2006) by Tom Haskell.

Photo of one of the stone nuts (2006) by Tom Haskell.

Photo of the windshaft, brake wheel, and brake, looking toward the face of the cap (2006) by Tom Haskell.

Photo looking north in winter (2006) by Tom Haskell.

Photo of the a new permanent history feature (2006) by Tom Haskell.

The Fabyan Windmill is dressed in full color and ready to turn for its grand opening on June 3, 2005.

Photo by Tom Haskell